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以形写神,提炼风景的灵魂
——评李木子绘画创作
杨震
Soul to Speak: An Essay on Muzi’s works
Yang, Zhen
1
在艺术史上,关于写实与抽象(再现与表现,现实主义与浪漫主义)的区分由来已久,人们把米勒、库尔贝、列宾叫现实主义的,把德拉克洛瓦、弗里德里希叫浪漫主义的,把康定斯基、蒙德里安、保罗•克利叫做抽象的,把埃贡•席勒、爱德华•蒙克叫做表现主义的……其实,这种区分只是一种幻相。对我们来说,唯一有效的“现实”就是我们所感受到的现实;既然艺术所表达的首先是感受,那么,所有的艺术都是写实的。真正的“抽象”,只发生在艺术家离开自己的切身感受,屈从于舆论、市场或某些观念的时候。
说到底,哪有什么“现实”或“抽象”,有的只是准确的表达。正因为如此,克罗齐坚持认为“艺术就是表达”;克莱夫•贝尔认为艺术不接受任何具体的界定,它就是“有意味的形式”;尼尔森•古德曼把艺术看成和任何其它语言并驾齐驱的语言,只不过这种语言要求高度的“句法密度”和“语义密度”。
好的艺术家,从来不受“风格”标签的制约倾全力于准确表达出自己所感受、体验到的一切,如谢赫“六法”所总结的,他们“应物象形”“随类赋采”,最终为的是“传神”。这就是为什么毕加索一生竟可划分为六、七个时期;齐白石在六十岁高龄时毅然推翻自己,“衰年变法”;康定斯基早期近乎印象派的风格中竟成长出后来的抽象主义;米歇尔•杜尚一人横跨诸多重要的当代艺术流派。
艺术创新正是源自准确表达的冲动。执着于“量体裁衣”“随类赋彩”,艺术家就能找到独一无二的形式。
一些当代画家,尤其是一些年轻画家,正是这样努力的。他们力争摆脱投机主义和陈腐的市场趣味,忠于自我,向外体悟,向内挖掘,寻求恰当的表达形式。因为感动自己,所以能感动受众;因为进入自我,故能进入时代。
李木子就是这样一位画家。
2
初看木子现在的主流作品,人们容易想起Willem de Kooning, Paul Jenkins尤其是Gerhard Richter的作品,甚至还会联想到吴冠中、赵无极。人们也容易把它们归于“抽象绘画”,更准确一点说,是“抽象表现主义”的范畴。
但是,如果仔细观察,比较,人们会发现,木子的绘画并不是“抽象”的,而是“写实”的,并不是“表现”的,而是“再现”的。
他的近期作品,都是在凤凰、丽江、香格里拉等地写生的产物。也许,人们很难想象那些难辨形状的线条与色彩的挥洒中,跟“写生”有多大关系。但实际上,这正是一种更为深度的写“生”,正如古人所说的“以形写神”,“写气图貌”,“传神写照”。不是文艺复兴以来盛行的那种,通过透视法的技巧,欺骗视觉,制造真实的幻象;而是用艺术家的身体和心灵,去感受,对话,玩味,提取风景中的灵魂,然后把它实现在自己的画面上。
当人们问:“为什么画成这样”的时候,木子总是很迅速而自然地回答:“我看到的就是这样的”。
我们看到,在木子2013年的“凤凰”系列中,已经开始提炼风景的灵魂了,尤其是《梦里家山》、《回忆》和《凤凰4》,颇为成功地把古城的韵律、风骨、神气展现在了画面上。这是比透视法的写照更艰难的一种实现。它并非放肆就可以,需要观察,更需要用画家自己的性灵去感应景物的召唤。
3
如果说“凤凰”系列,木子在这条道路上走得还比较谨慎,依然被视觉质料所困扰,没能完全摆脱时空的局限,在“所看”和“所见”之间缺乏决然的界限。那么,“丽江”系列的木子,已经完成了这个转换,不受“所看”困扰,专注于“所见”,表现得干净,坚决,气势磅礴。《天与寺》可谓这一时期的代表作。木子倾力于表现一种关系,这从标题就可以看出。这里的“天”也好,“寺”也好,如果标题不说,观众是完全看不出来的。这已经不是通常意义上的“再现”,而是提炼,对景物之间一种关系的把握,蓝天,白云,群山和逆立于自然线条之间的小幅建筑块面,它们抽象成一个磅礴而神秘的世界。有意义的不再是一个一个的“事物”,而是作为整体的“关系”。我们在这幅画中看到了纯粹的色彩和线条的交响,但值得注意,这里绝非色彩和线条语言自身的无意义游戏,这里的色彩和线条依然是严格的“写实”,是在静态的平面上试图写出自然本身的生机与运动,透过外观提炼风景内在的节奏和韵律。这样,他的画进一步获得了一种音乐性,不脱离客观性而获得精神性,遵循严格的关系却获得强烈的表现力。《小村》、《隐》、《巅峰》也是这一时期的杰作。观众明显从这些画面中感受到巨大的力量,这些力量仿佛正是那些雪山、古城、滔滔峡谷本身所带来的。
木子近期(2014年夏天)的作品则显示了艺术家在这条道路上走向成熟,自信,坚定。《天问》、《未知的爱》是这个阶段的高地,《聚合》、《矛盾》、《融》、《对峙》……也是突出的代表。它们纯粹,强烈,尽情,把人与自然交感所产生的旋律曲线、色调几乎是一气呵成地(虽然实际上可能花费了数日)呈现在画布上,使画面获得了一种源源不竭的感染力,一种随观看的时间而不断加深的音乐性,让人在不同时间,不同光线,不同角度下都能产生不同的感受。就像我们在《天问》中看到的,它可以被看成是天空、云彩和山峦之间的相摩相荡,也可以是大海、波涛和蓝天的对话,更是灵魂的暗部向灵魂的光明处抛出的热烈呼唤。《未知的爱》可以是黄昏燃烧的天地,也可以是火与黑夜的共舞,更有甚者,它激起人心中爱的激越与灼痛。
这就是木子绘画的特质。他不是经营绘画语言自身关系的那种纯粹抽象主义,也不是沉浸于主观世界,让绘画语言封闭在抽象的内心世界中的那种纯粹表现主义,他是现实主义的,隐藏在纯粹语言的抽象外表之下的现实主义。或者,我们换一个词:“真实主义”。
这就把他的作品和一般的写实绘画和一般的抽象绘画区分开来。既不拘泥于细节,也不是凌空蹈虚。
4
他的“真实主义”作品可以分为两类:一类是目前占主导地位的“气韵真实主义”,另一类则是已在艺术家创作史中成为过去时的“传神真实主义”。
我们有必要回顾一下木子创作的这个“过去时”,因为,这恰恰是我们理解艺术家当下创作的一把钥匙。
当人们面对木子当下的作品,很自然地判断:“这个画家有点抽象”,“有点表现主义”的时候,再看到他在短短两年前的创作,也许会大吃一惊:难道这是同一个人的作品吗?一个挥洒不羁的形式主义者,竟然同时是一个严谨的写实能手!
人们经常开玩笑:画不好画的人,就会去画抽象;连抽象都画不好的,就去搞行为。言外之意,抽象,行为,装置,是逃避严格技术性检验的避难所。其实这只是一种误解。好的“抽象艺术”,恰恰要靠深厚的“写实”功底。因为,只有在严格的写实训练中,对色彩、构图、明暗、比例关系达到高度的敏感,获得高度的驾驭能力,才能把这些元素提炼出来,用于更为自由的表达。否则,所谓的“抽象”只会是一种投机,一种外行的烟幕弹,自己搞不懂,也不让别人搞懂的“皇帝新衣”。
木子有扎实的基本功,成熟的写实功底。这是他升级换代的资本。从他2012年的Natalia系列,自画像系列,《卡门》,《小路》,我们就可见一斑。在这些作品中,他都显示了高超的传神技巧。Natalia系列中那种饱满的青春,自画像所凸显的个性和执拗的成长,《卡门》那种挑衅式的光泽,《小路》的略带迷茫。它们何止是写实,更是一个个的心灵活跃在画布上。
尤其是《Natalia二》。我们可以把它和《天与寺》相提并论。《Natalia二》发丝纤毫可见,明亮的光照着青春的面孔,富有弹性的肌肤,光斑落在手臂上,背景虚化、黯淡,凸显前景中的主体,洋溢着活力,微带忧郁和矜持,令人感动不已。《天与寺》则根本辨不清形象,只有色彩和线条在挥舞,天高地迥,一股气息,纯粹,浩荡,像个漩涡把观者席卷进去。这两幅画,分别在各自的坐标中,达到了同样的目标:提炼出对象的灵魂。一个是“传神写照”,一个是“气韵生动”。
观众细想会发现:很有意思,木子的人物画都是具象的,风景画却偏于抽象。这可以说是他的发明。这里面并不是偶然的。人的灵魂是主动的,它邀请艺术家进入,它有自己的表情方式,很难想象一个不辨形象,只剩下色彩、线条和块面的绘画,如何还能表现人物的性格。而风景则不同,它是自在的,缺乏主动性,表现性,它的灵韵要靠观者长时间去体会,去挖掘。如果说人性有一种超时间的稳定性,风景的灵性却在时间性的动态中。因此,人物可以静态地反映其灵魂,而风景却要在静态中寻求对运动的把握。
这也就是为什么木子的人物画是具象的,而风景画则表现为抽象风格的原因。那不叫“抽象”,而是在静态的布面上,对风景动态气韵的把握。这跟巴比松画派、透纳、康定斯基、印象派对风景的探索异曲同工。更合乎荆浩、董源、李成、郭熙、倪瓒、石涛的追求。
木子为何在具象人物和抽象风景之间如此自由?秘密就在于他忠于自己的体验和对对象的观察。我们放下所有判断,最直观地去感受他的人物和风景,得到的是最直接的情感冲击力。简单地说,他的画充满了情感,让人感动。
当代中国艺术正在经历一个混乱的迷茫期,抽象主义,表现主义,政治波普,达达主义,新古典主义,新现实主义、象征主义、浪漫主义纷纷登场……好像整个艺术史在同一时期全部展开来,放到一个平面上。艺术家们从过去的资料库中取材,向未来投资,在做着掷骰子的游戏,看谁能命中市场风向和下一步的社会趣味。好像谁也无法对当代艺术的发展做出有效判断。许多艺术家不停地在各种风格、各种形式、各种材质间跳越,却难以找到坚实的立足之地。
其实,这个貌似极其困难的问题,其出路原本简单。只要艺术家坚持敏锐的观察和准确的表达,“量体裁衣”“随类赋彩”,不为成见和市场所绑架,倾注全力探索与自己所要表达的内容相匹配的形式和技艺,就能走出迷茫,获得既富有时代感、能吸收传统又极具个性的创造性成就。要获得绘画的当代性,靠的是坚持自己最真实的感受,为其找到最合适的表达方式。
木子既不避讳纤毫毕现的人物肖像,也不避讳挥洒自如、不辨牛马的“抽象”风景。因为他执着于自身。也因此,他的绘画获得了不期而然的当代性,因为他把现代人的精神倾注到画面中去了,他可以唤起我们现代人的情感。这才是真正的当代性。任何远离当代人生活经验,情感体验的艺术,都不能依靠任何理论或资本的辩护而获得当代性。
当然,艺术的道路是无止尽的。我们也期待着,木子能在未来的创作中,通过更为持久的凝神观照,体物入微,把更多关于山水、人物、世界的广阔风景,呈现给我们。
以形写神,提炼风景的灵魂
——评李木子绘画创作
杨震
Expression as Representation, Personality as Modernity: An Essay on Muzi’s Works
Yang, Zhen
1
In the history of arts, there has been a longstanding distinction between the realistic and abstract styles (representation and expression, realism and romanticism). People called the works of Miller, Courbet, Repin artists of realism; Delacroix and Friedrich Ludwig, representatives of romanticism; works of Kandinsky, Mondrian, Paul Klee abstract paintings; Egon Schiele and Edvard Munch representatives of expressionism. Actually, this distinction is just a kind of illusion. For us, the only valid reality is the one that we can feel. Since what arts show us in the first place is the feeling, then all the arts are realistic. The “abstract” in a real sense only occurs when the artists are subject to the public opinion, the market or some ideas, with which the artists are abstracted from their own reality.
Actually, there is no realistic or abstract style; there is just accurate expression. Just because of this, Beneditto Croce insists that “art is expression,” Clive Bell believes that there should be no concrete boundary for arts and it is just a kind of significant form; Nelson Goodman considers art as a language that advances shoulder to shoulder with other languages and they only differ in that this kind of language requires a high level of syntactic density and semantic density.
Good artists shall never be constrained by the tag of “style”. They spare no effort in accurately expressing all that they experience. Like what Xie He summarizes in the “six principles of Chinese paintings”, artists keep searching for different forms, which would include shape and line, and the application of color, including layers, value and tone, so that the spirit of different objects can be conveyed. That is why the artistic life of Picasso may be divided into six or seven periods; Qi Baishi, changed his artistic style in his 60s; abstract expression can be derived from the early impressionism of Kandinsky; and Marcel Duchamp’s artistic works cover various contemporary artistic genres.
Artistic innovation is driven by the impulse of accurate expression. Artists can find a unique form of expression as long as they create works according to the specific situations.
Some contemporary painters, especially some young painters, do exactly in this way. They strive to get rid of the opportunism and banal market interest; they seek the proper form of expression from the outward experience and in-depth feelings. As their works have moved themselves, they can move the spectators as well; as they have explored their own spirit, they can also explore the spirit of the era.
Li Muzi is such a painter.
2
A first view of the current major works of Muzi may easily remind you of Willem de Kooning, Paul Jenkins, especially the works of Gerhard Richter, and even those of Wu Guanzhong and Zhao Wuji. You may also classify them into abstract paintings, or to be more specific, the scope of abstract expressionism.
However, after a more detailed observation, you may find that the paintings of Muzi are not abstract, but realistic; not expressive, but representative.
Many of his recent works are produced in his sketching from nature in Fenghuang, Lijiang and Shangri-La. Perhaps it is hard for people to imagine the relation between his sketching experiences in these places and the lines and colors in his final works, whose subjects are not easy to recognize. But actually, this is a painting from nature in a deeper level, which expresses the spirit of landscape with his paintings. It is not the skill of perspective to create illusions prevalent since the Renaissance; instead, he tries to explore the soul of nature through feeling, reflecting and having dialogues with it, then to show it with a unique form in the paintings.
When asked about the reason of his painting style, Muzi always quickly answered naturally: “I just paint what I see.”
We notice that in Muzi’s Fenghuang series of 2013, he has already started pursuing the soul of the scenery. In particular, in the Mountains of the Hometown in the Dreams, Memory and Fenghuang 4, he successfully concentrates the appeal, vigor and spirit of the ancient city in the paintings. This is harder to realize than the skill of perspective. It needs observation; moreover, the artist should respond to the arousal of the scenery with his own disposition.
3
If you believe that in the Fenghuang series, Muzi is relatively prudent in his artistic road and restricted by time and space, then in Lijiang series, he is no longer confused by what he sees; he has deep insight. The Sky and the Temple is a representative painting during this period. Muzi is absorbed in expressing a kind of relationship, which can be seen from the title of the painting. The viewer cannot discern either the sky or the temple mentioned in the title. In this painting, this is not the representation in the common sense; it is a refinement, a grasp of the relationship between the sceneries. The blue sky, the cloud, the mountains and architectures among the lines of nature: all of them form a massive and mysterious world in an abstract way. What matters here is not the individual object; it is the relationship in a general sense. We can see the pure resonance between the colors and lines in this painting. However, we should note that it is not a meaningless game of the languages of colors and lines. The colors and lines are realistic, and they are the movement of nature on a static plane, the reflection of the inner rhythm of the scenery. Thus his painting acquires a musical feature, endowed with spiritual qualities along with objectivity, as well as strong expressiveness. A Small Village, Seclusion and Mountain Peak are representative works during this period. The spectators can easily feel the strong force from these paintings, which is seemingly brought by the snow mountains, ancient cities and canyons.
His recent works in the summer of 2014 reflect the process of his increasing maturity and confidence. Questions for Heaven and Unknown Love represent the climax during this period and Convergence, Contradiction, Fusion, Stalement are also good representative works. Presenting the rhythm and tune produced by the interacting of human being and nature, the painting obtains a strong affecting power, a musical feature and an endurable vitality. This brings different feelings to spectators in different times, lights and angles. Just as we can see in Questions for Heaven, it can be viewed as the interaction among the sky, the clouds and mountains, the dialogue between the sea, the waves and the sky, and also the call of the soul at the dark to the one at the bright side. Unknown Love can be the burning sky and land at dusk, the dancing of fire and nights, and it can arouse the passions and pains of love in people’s heart.
This is the characteristics of Muzi’s painting. It’s not the pure abstract expressionism based on the language of painting itself, and not the pure expressionism that encloses the painting language in the abstract inner world. It’s realism which is hidden under the abstract appearance of pure language.
This can distinguish Muzi’s works from the realistic paintings and abstract paintings in the common sense. His works are not restricted by the details, nor are they groundless.
4
His works of ‘realism’ can be divided into two types. The first is what I call ‘the realism of aura’, and the other is what I call ‘the realism of personality’, which has already become the ‘past tense’ during the artist’s career.
It’s necessary to recall this “past tense” in Muzi’s career, as this is the key to our understanding of the current creations of the artist.
When presented with the current works of Muzi, people may think that this artist is prone to abstract expressionism. But when we see his works two years ago, we may be surprised to wonder whether this is created by the same artist. He can give full rein to his passions, yet he can be a rigorous realistic painter at the same time.
People often joke that a painter that cannot paint well will draw paintings with an abstract style; a painter that cannot even drawn abstract paintings well will resort to the performance art. In other words, abstract expression and performance are ways to evade the strict technical requirements. However, this is a misunderstanding. To create excellent abstract art, good realistic training is required, as only in strict realistic practice can the relationship of color, composition, light and shade, and proportion reach a certain subtle level, based on which the artist can extract these elements and use them for freer expression. Otherwise, the so-called abstract expression is just a speculation, deceiving both oneself and others.
Muzi has a solid foundation and mature realistic practice, which is conducive to his progress. We can see this point from the series of Natalia in 2012, the series of self-portraits, Kamen and the Pathway, in which he displays a high level of representation in these works. The youthfulness with vigor represented in the series of Natalia, the individuality in the self-portraits, the challenge in Kamen and the perplexities of life in the Pathway: all of them are realistic, just like hearts and souls living on the canvas.
What is especially worth mentioning is Natalia 2, which can be put on a par with the Sky and the Temple. In Natalia 2, you can clearly see each hair, the youthful face shone by the bright light, the smooth skin, and the shadow falling on the arm. The background is vague and dark, highlighting the subject in the foreground with vigor and melancholy. In the Sky and the Temple, the images cannot easily be recognized, and only the colors and lines flying, attracting the spectators. These two paintings with different features reach the same goal-extracting the soul, with one painting being vivid and lifelike and the other expressive in artistic conception.
After a further examination, spectators may find that Muzi’s figure paintings are ‘realistic’ while the landscape paintings are ‘abstract’. This is his unique style. Actually this is not accidental. The souls of people are active, which invite artists to come in. Human beings have their own form of expression. It’s hard to imagine that without images, how paintings could express the characters of people only with their colors, lines and blocks. Scenery is different in that it’s unrestrained, without being active. The spectators need a long time to experience and find its charm. If we say there is stability beyond the restriction of time in human nature, then the soul of the scenery exists in the dynamics of time. Thus the souls of people can be reflected in a static state while for the scenery, you need to find a way to show its movement on a static surface.
This is why Muzi’s figure paintings are representative while the scenery paintings are seemed to be abstract. It’s not abstract; it’s the grasp of the dynamic charm of the scenery in a static canvas. His exploration into the scenery is similar with that of Barbizon, Turner, Kandinsky and the impressionists, and is more consistent with the pursuit of Jing Hao, Dong Yuan, Li Cheng, Guo Xi, Ni Zan and Shi Tao.
Why does Muzi move so smoothly between the figures and abstract scenery? The secret lies in his dedication to his own experience and observation of the object. In our direct experience of his figures and scenery, we can obtain the most direct shocking of emotions. To be simple, his paintings are full of emotions, which make people moved.
Chinese arts, in the contemporary time, is experiencing a time of confusion with all artistic styles existed in the western art history, such as abstract expressionism, expressionism, Political Pop, Dadaism, new classism, new realism, symbolism and romanticism. Artists are following examples from the past and invest for the future, trying to target on the market and the social interests in the next phase. It seems none of them can make valid judgment on the development of the art in the contemporary era. Many artists transfer frequently among different styles, forms and materials, but they fail to find a solid ground for artistic creation.
Actually there is a simple solution to this seemingly difficult problem. As long as artists persist in their lively observation and accurate expression, applying the appropriate artistic form and technique according to the specific cases and not constrained by the preconceived idea and market, they can make creative achievements with both traditional and personal characteristics, together with the feature of time, through their exploration. To obtain the modernity of paintings, you should rely on your real feelings in order to find the most appropriate expression.
In Muzi’s works, there are both vivid figure paintings and abstract paintings that are painted freely. That is because he is persistent in his own mind. Thus his paintings acquire the contemporary feature as he devotes the spirit of the modern people into the paintings and can arouse the emotions of them. This is the real modernity. None of the arts that deviate from the contemporary people’s life and emotional experience can obtain the modernity, no matter what kind of idea or capital they are supported by.
Of course, the road of art is endless. We expect that in the future works, Muzi can present broader views and deeper reality of mountains and rivers, people and the world to us with his more sustained and subtle appreciation of the world.
作者:艺术家自助官网
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