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艺术与修行
——伊玄的灵性艺术
彭锋
深冬时节,在江南无锡凤凰艺都美术馆,初见伊玄新作“一味”心象水墨系列中的一张。画面有如惊鸿划过无尽虚空,它在天际留下的余韵墨痕,于心头久久荡漾。能做到如此洁净、空灵、雅致而大气、内敛而丰饶,绝对不是一般的心灵。见到伊玄之后,得知他修行止观多年,人画合一,疑虑俱消。
伊玄的作品促使我思考一个问题:画家的修行如何传达到画面上去?画家的修行如果不能由画面传达出来,今天的绘画还有什么作为?
人们通常将现代文明的源头追溯到笛卡尔的心物二元论:心居内,能够思考;物在外,可以运动。心物遵循不同的原理,河水不犯井水。将心灵还原为物质的唯物论和主张万物有灵的唯灵论,都不能很好地解释心物各自的特性。心物二元论告诉我们心不是物,物不是心,不管我们如何对待周围的物,都不会对心有任何影响,于是大规模的征服自然的现代化运动就得以毫无顾忌地开展了。在现代性的大潮中,说心的修行能够对物产生影响,或者反过来说物的存在能够对心产生影响,都会被视为迷信。
六十年代中期出生的伊玄,对于破除封建迷信的运动并不陌生;从小接受的洗脑教育,对于异端邪说足可以做到刀枪不入。但是,天生有此根器,迟早都得觉悟。青年时期传统“一画论”及禅道核心思想“心物不二”、“万物一体”的世界观像种子一样深植于心,进入中年之后,伊玄经十几年潜心禅修体验与艺术实践,艺术与禅道终合二为一,禅画一如,艺术既是他修行的见证,也是他修行的法器。
从伊玄的创作来看,他的灵性艺术可以分为两个部分:一部分是身心的渐修,一部分为心性的顿悟。前者在“日课”系列作品中体现得比较明显,后者在“一味”系列作品中体现的相对充分。
2009年伊玄在美国佛蒙特艺术中心实施了他一系列的“日课”式的绘画行为。一次是在一块大画布上,用小笔蘸上黑色颜料,不断写划,每天7小时,一共7天。另一次是在一块预先铺满黑色颜料的大画布上,用指甲不断写划,直到颜料完全干硬为止。后来又采用在宣纸上书写直线的方式,来做他的功课。这些方式虽各有千秋,但从修行的角度来看则并无二致,那就是通过不断重复,让不同的时间获得同样的意义,进一步让时间的流逝显得毫无意义。或许我们可以称之为时间上的“空”。上世纪中期,禅宗风靡欧美,也影响到欧美的现代艺术,促成了欧美的极简主义。但是,极简主义追求的是空间意义上的“空”,与这里所说的时间意义上的“空”有所不同。与时间意义上的“空”是通过取消时间的差别达到时间上的平等相似,空间意义上的“空”是通过取消空间的差别达到空间上的平等。空间意义上的“空”可以用大面积的空无或者单色来表达,它与通过不断重复的方式表达的时间意义上的“空”非常不同。鉴于时间意义上的“空”通常需要通过不断的重复才能表达,而不断的重复形成的“多”与极简主义追求的“少”形成对照,因此可以借用高名潞的术语称之为极多主义。不过,需要指出的是,这里的“多”一定是通过不断重复形成的“多”,也就是“简”中之“多”。这种基于时间上的“空”的“简”中之“多”,是中日韩三国的艺术家发展出来的。在日本的物派、韩国的单色画、中国的“念珠与笔触”(栗宪廷语)和意派(高名潞语)中可以看到这种类型的艺术。伊玄的“日课”系列就是自觉地追求时间意义上的“空”的艺术。
但是,与“日课”系列不同,“一味”系列追求的不是时间意义上的“空”,而是刹那间的心智直觉或者顿悟。“一味”系列无须长时间的重复,它需要的是瞬间的开启,如同黑暗中的第一道亮光,寂静中第一波悸动。如果说“日课”系列体现的修行类似于渐修式北宗禅的话,“一味”系列体现的就类似于顿悟式南宗禅的修行。“一味”系列作品,很好地诠释了在寂静止观禅定中灵光显现的心象禅境。
随着图像制作技术的迅速发展,绘画的再现功能已经被取代。当代绘画从不同的角度拓展了绘画的功能,为绘画的继续存在找到了不同的理由。将绘画视为灵性在场的静心修行,是典型的东方式的解决方案。由于深厚的文化传统和急迫的当代需要的支撑,这种典型的东方式的解决方案也是最有前景的解决方案。
绘画与修行的关系,绝不是将绘画视为修行的再现,绘画无法描绘和表现修行;甚至也不是将绘画视为修行的痕迹,修行如何有痕迹的话,也是留在修行者自己身心上的痕迹;而是将绘画视为修行的通道或法器。由此,绘画与修行之间,既不是再现与被再现的关系,也不是表现与被表现的关系,而是灵性在场与缺席的关系。绘画不是表达了修行,绘画本身就是修行。
2016年2月18日于北京大学蔚秀园
Art and Practice - The Spiritual Art of Yi Xuan
By Peng Feng
In late winter, I saw a new work of the ink painting series “One Taste” of Yi Xuan for the first time in Phoenix Art Museum in Wuxi. It appeared like a wild goose flying across the boundless universe, with its ink mark left in the sky and in my mind. The cleanness and ethereality, elegance and dignity, restraint and abundance of the painting definitely reflected an extraordinary mind. My doubts were removed after I met Yi, learning about his spiritual practice and his integration with painting.
Yi’s works urge me to ponder over one question: How can the painter convey his practice to the painting? What is the point of painting if his practice cannot be conveyed through painting?
The origin of modern civilization is often traced to Descartes’ mind-matter dualism: the inside mind can think while the outside matter is in motion. Mind and matter follow different principles, going its own way without interfering with each other. Neither materialism that deems mind as matter nor spiritualism that claims animism can explain well the respective attributes of mind and matter. Mind-matter dualism tells us mind is not matter, and vice versus. No matter how we treat surrounding matter, our mind is not influenced, and therefore, large scale modernization to conquer nature is being launched recklessly. In the tide of modernization, it is considered superstitious to say the practice of mind can influence matter or conversely, the existence of matter can influence mind.
Born in the 1960s, Yi is no stranger to the movement to destroy feudalistic superstition; the brain-washing education he received since childhood has armed him to fight against heresy. However, he is destined to be enlightened. The traditional “one painting theory”, the core idea of “a single object in a single heart” in Zen theory and the world view of “All Things Integrated” he learned from his youth are rooted in his heart. In his middle age, he devoted decades to Zen experience and art practice, and finally art and Zen are converged as one. His art has witnessed, as well as served as the musical instruments of, his practice.
Seen from his creation, Yi’s spiritual art can be divided into two parts: one being the gradual progress of body and mind, and the other being the insight of soul. The former is clearly seen in the “Inner Zen Daily Experience” series, and the latter is fully reflected in the “One Taste” series.
In 2009, Yi conducted a series of painting performances of “Inner Zen Daily Experience” in the Vermont Studio Center in the US. Once, he ceaselessly painted with a small brush and black paints on a large canvas for seven hours a day, seven days continuously. And another time, he scratched with his nails on a large canvas covered with black paints, until the paints hardened. Later, he did his spiritual practice by drawing straight lines on rice paper. Although these methods appear different, they are actually the same from the perspective of practice, that is, by continuous repetition, he is endowing different times with the same significance so as to make the passage of time meaningless. Or we may call it “emptiness” in the sense of time. In the middle of last century, Zen Buddhism gained popularity in the West, and it also influenced modern art and shaped Minimalism. However, “emptiness” in the sense of space pursued by Minimalism is distinguished from “emptiness” in the sense of time mentioned here. “Emptiness” in the sense of space achieves spatial equality by eliminating spatial disparity, while “emptiness” in the sense of time achieves temporal similarity by eliminating temporal disparity. “Emptiness” in the sense of space can be expressed with large empty area or a single color, which is poles apart from “emptiness” in the sense of time expressed by continuous repetition. Since “emptiness” in the sense of time can only be expressed by continuous repetition, the “maximum” comes with continuous repetition is contrasted with the “minimum” pursued by Minimalism, so it’s appropriate to borrow the term Maximalim from Gao Minglu. However, it’s necessary to point out that the “maximum” comes from continuous repetition, so it’s the “maximum” from “minimum”. The “maximum” of “minimum” coming with “emptiness” in the sense of time is developed by artists from China, Japan and Korea together. This type of art can be seen from Mono-ha in Japan, Monochrome in Korea and “Beads and Brushwork” (by Li Xianting) or “Yi Pai” (by Gao Minglu) in China. The “Inner Zen Daily Experience” series of Yi Xuan is the art to pursue “emptiness” in the sense of time consciously.
The “One Taste” series, unlike the “Inner Zen Daily Experience” series, emphasizes intuition or insight in an instant, rather than “emptiness” in the sense of time. The “One Taste” series is waiting for, instead of tedious repetition, an instantaneous opening, like the first ray of light in the darkness, or the first throb in silence. If the practice reflected in the “Inner Zen Daily Experience” series is more like the progressive Northern Zen Buddhism, the practice represented in the “One Taste” series is similar to the sudden enlightenment of Southern Zen Buddhism. The “One Taste” series interprets the Zen state of sudden enlightenment in silence.
With the rapid development of image technology, the representation function of painting has already been replaced. Contemporary art has explored a new field for painting from a different perspective, seeking different reasons for painting to exist. Regarding painting as the meditational practice for spiritual presence is typically an oriental solution, which is the most promising solution due to the profound cultural traditions and the urgent need for support in modern times.
The relationship between painting and practice is not to consider painting as the representation of practice, because painting cannot describe or represent practice; neither is it to consider painting as the trace of practice, because if there is any trace of practice, it is only marked on the practitioner’s mind and body; it is to consider painting as the channel or musical instrument of practice. Therefore, the relationship between painting and practice is not representing and being represented, nor expressing and being expressed, but the presence or absence of spirituality. Painting doesn’t express practice - it is practice in itself.
Feb. 18, 2016
作者:彭锋
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